References [1] Yong-Yeol Ahn, James P. Bagrow, and Sune Lehmann. Link communities reveal multiscale complexity in networks. Nature, 466(7307):761–764, 2010. [2] Réka Albert and Albert-László Barabási. Statistical mechanics of complex networks. Reviews of Modern Physics, 74(1):47–97, 2002. [3] Réka Albert, Hawoong Jeong, and Albert-László Barabási. Internet: Diameter of the world-wide web. Nature, 401(6749):130–131, 1999. [4] Jörn Altmann, Martina Meschke, and Ashraf Bany Mohammed. A classification scheme for characterizing service networks. TEMEP Discussion Paper 201286, Seoul National University; Technology Management, Economics, and Policy Program (TEMEP), 2012. [5] Albert-László Barabási and Réka Albert. Emergence of scaling in random networks. Science, 286(5439): 509–512, 1999. [6] M. Boniface, B. Nasser, J. Papay, S.C. Phillips, A Servin, Xiaoyu Yang, Z. Zlatev, S.V. Gogouvitis, G. Katsaros, K. Konstanteli, G. Kousiouris, A Menychtas, and D. Kyriazis. Platform-as-a-service architecture for real-time quality of service management in clouds. In 2010 Fifth International Conference on Internet and Web Applications and Services (ICIW), pages 155–160, 2010. [7] Ronald S. Burt. Structural Holes: The Social Structure of Competition. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1995. [8] Ronald S. Burt. Structural holes and good ideas. American Journal of Sociology, 110(2):349–399, 2004. [9] Martin Campbell-Kelly. Historical reflectionsThe rise, fall, and resurrection of software as a service. Communications of the ACM, 52(5):28, 2009. [10] Henry William Chesbrough. Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from Technology. Harvard Business Review Press, Boston, Mass., first trade paper edition edition edition, 2005. [11] Michael Cusumano. Cloud computing and SaaS as new computing platforms. Commun. ACM, 53(4):27–29, 2010. [12] Thomas R. Eisenmann, Geoffrey Parker, and Marshall W. van Alstyne. Strategies for two-sided markets. Harvard Business Review, 84(10), 2006. [13] David S. Evans. Platform Economics: Essays on Multi-Sided Businesses. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2011. [14] Andrea Everard and Raymond Henry. A social network analysis of interlocked directorates in electronic commerce firms. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, 1(2):225–234, 2002. [15] Michalis Faloutsos, Petros Faloutsos, and Christos Faloutsos. On power-law relationships of the internet topology. In Proceedings of the Conference on Applications, Technologies, Architectures, and Protocols for Computer Communication, SIGCOMM ’99, pages 251–262, New York, NY, USA, 1999. ACM. [16] Leon Festinger, Kurt W. Back, and Stanley Schachter. Social Pressures in Informal Groups: A Study of Human Factors in Housing. Stanford University Press, 1950. [17] C. Freeman. Networks of innovators: A synthesis of research issues. Research Policy, 20(5):499–514, 1991. [18] Linton C. Freeman. Centrality in social networks conceptual clarification. Social Networks, 1(3):215–239, 1978. [19] Annabelle Gawer. Platforms, Markets and Innovation. Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd, Cheltenham, UK ; Northampton, MA, 2009. [20] Annabelle Gawer and Michael A. Cusumano. Platform Leadership: How Intel, Microsoft, and Cisco Drive Industry Innovation. Harvard Business Review Press, Boston, Mass, 1st edition edition, 2002. [21] Jean Dickinson Gibbons and Subhabrata Chakraborti. Nonparametric Statistical Inference, Fifth Edition. Chapman and Hall/CRC, Boca Raton, 5 edition edition, 2010. [22] M. Girvan and M. E. J. Newman. Community structure in social and biological networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 99(12):7821–7826, 2002. [23] Vnia Gonalves and Pieter Ballon. Adding value to the network: Mobile operators experiments with softwareas-as-a-service and platform-as-a-service models. Telematics and Informatics, 28(1):12–21, 2011. [24] Mark S. Granovetter. The strength of weak ties. American Journal of Sociology, 78(6):1360–1380, 1973. [25] Rajdeep Grewal, Gary L. Lilien, and Girish Mallapragada. Location, location, location: How network embeddedness affects project success in open source systems. Management Science, 52(7):1043–1056, 2006. [26] Netsanet Haile and Jörn Altmann. Estimating the value obtained from using a software service platform, pages 244–255. Springer International Publishing, 2013. [27] Andrew B. Hargadon. Brokering knowledge: Linking learning and innovation. Research in Organizational Behavior, 24:41–85, 2002. [28] Stephan C. Henneberg, Thorsten Gruber, and Peter Naud. Services networks: Concept and research agenda. Industrial Marketing Management, 42(1):3–8, 2013. [29] Slinger Jansen and Sjaak Brinkkemper. Software Ecosystems: Analyzing and Managing Business Networks in the Software Industry. Edward Elgar Pub, Cheltenham, UK ; Northampton, MA, 2013. [30] Kimmo Karhu, Andrea Botero, Sami Vihavainen, Tingan Tang, and Matti Hmlinen. A digital ecosystem for co-creating business with people. Journal of Emerging Technologies in Web Intelligence, 3(3):197–205, 2011. [31] Kibae Kim and Jörn Altmann. Evolution of the software-as-a-service innovation system through collective intelligence. International Journal of Cooperative Information Systems, 22(03):1340006, 2013. [32] Kibae Kim, Jörn Altmann, and Junseok Hwang. An analysis of the openness of the web2.0 service network based on two sets of indices for measuring the impact of service ownership. In Proceedings of the 2011 44th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, HICSS ’11, pages 1–11, Washington, DC, USA, 2011. IEEE Computer Society. [33] Kibae Kim, Wool-Rim Lee, and Jörn Altmann. SNA-based innovation trend analysis in software service networks. Electronic Markets, pages 1–12, 2014. [34] David Krackhardt and Robert N Stern. Informal networks and organizational crises: An experimental simulation. Social Psychology Quarterly, 51(2):123, 1988. [35] Thomas S. Kuhn. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 3rd Edition. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, 3rd edition edition, 1996. [36] G. Lawton. Developing software online with platform-as-a-service technology. Computer, 41(6):13–15, 2008. [37] Stefanie Leimeister, Markus Bhm, Christoph Riedl, and Helmut Krcmar. The business perspective of cloud computing: Actors, roles and value networks. ECIS 2010 Proceedings, 2010. [38] Pierre Lévy. From social computing to reflexive collective intelligence: The IEML research program. Information Sciences, 180(1):71–94, 2010. [39] Ted G. Lewis. Network Science: Theory and Applications. Wiley, Hoboken, N.J, 1 edition edition, 2009. [40] Paul P. Maglio, Savitha Srinivasan, Jeffrey T. Kreulen, and Jim Spohrer. Service systems, service scientists, SSME, and innovation. Commun. ACM, 49(7):81–85, 2006. [41] Miller McPherson, Lynn Smith-Lovin, and James M. Cook. Birds of a feather: Homophily in social networks. Annual Review of Sociology, 27:415–444. [42] Ashraf Bany Mohammed, Jörn Altmann, and Junseok Hwang. Cloud computing value chains: Understanding businesses and value creation in the cloud. In Dirk Neumann, Mark Baker, Jörn Altmann, and Omer Rana, editors, Economic Models and Algorithms for Distributed Systems, Autonomic Systems, pages 187–208. Birkhäuser Basel, 2010. [43] John Neter. Applied Linear Statistical Models. McGraw-Hill/Irwin, Boston, 5th edition edition, 2004. [44] M. E. J. Newman. Scientific collaboration networks. II. shortest paths, weighted networks, and centrality. Physical Review E, 64(1):016132, 2001. [45] Ingram Olkin, editor. Contributions to Probability and Statistics: Essays in Honor of Harold Hotelling. Stanford Univ Pr, y first printing edition edition, 1960. [46] Gergely Palla, Imre Dernyi, Ills Farkas, and Tams Vicsek. Uncovering the overlapping community structure of complex networks in nature and society. Nature, 435(7043):814–818, 2005. [47] Gergely Palla, Albert-László Barabsi, and Tamás Vicsek. Quantifying social group evolution. Nature, 446(7136):664–667, 2007. [48] Renjun Qu and Qiongwei Ye. Service ecosystems of cloud computing. Atlantis Press, 2010. [49] Thomas C. Schelling. Micromotives and Macrobehavior. w. w. Norton & Company, New York, 2006. [50] John Scott. Social Network Analysis: A Handbook. SAGE Publications Ltd, London, Thousands Oaks, Calif, 2nd edition edition, 2000. [51] Roger Smith. Computing in the cloud. Research-Technology Management, 52(5):65, 2009. [52] Sergi Valverde and Ricard V. Sol´e. Self-organization versus hierarchy in open-source social networks. Physical Review E, 76(4):046118, 2007. [53] Eric Von Hippel. Innovation by user communities: Learning from opensource software. MIT Sloan Management Review, 42(4):82–86, 2001. [54] Caroline S. Wagner and Loet Leydesdorff. Network structure, self-organization, and the growth of international collaboration in science. Research Policy, 34(10):1608–1618, 2005. [55] Duncan J. Watts and Steven H. Strogatz. Collective dynamics of ‘small-world’ networks. Science, 393(6684):440–442, 1998. [56] Aaron Weiss. The power of collective intelligence. netWorker, 9(3):16–23, 2005. [57] L. Youseff, M. Butrico, and D. Da Silva. Toward a unified ontology of cloud computing. In Grid Computing Environments Workshop, 2008. GCE ’08, pages 1–10, 2008.